Climate change during the past 1000 years: a high‐temporal‐resolution multiproxy record from a mire in northern Finland     

Walter Finsinger  Kristian Schoning  Sheila Hicks  Andreas Lücke  Tomasz Goslar  Friederike Wagner‐cremer  Heidi Hyyppä 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(2):152-164

We present a record of peatland development in relation to climate changes and human activities from the Palomaa mire, a remote site in northern Finland. We used fine‐resolution and continuous sampling to analyse several proxies including pollen (for vegetation on and around the mire), testate amoebae (TA; for mire‐wetness changes), oxygen and carbon isotopes from Sphagnum cellulose (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C; for humidity and temperature changes), peat‐accumulation rates and peat‐colour changes. In spite of an excellent accumulation model (30 ¹⁴C dates and estimated standard deviation of sample ages <1 year in the most recent part), the potential to determine cause–effect (or lead–lag) relationships between environmental changes and biotic responses is limited by proxy‐specific incorporation processes below the actively growing Sphagnum surface. Nevertheless, what emerges is that mire development was closely related to water‐table changes rather than to summer temperature and that water‐table decreases were associated with increasing peat‐accumulation rates and more abundant mire vegetation. A rapid fen‐to‐bog transition occurred within a few years around AD 1960 when the water table decreased beyond the historical minimum, supporting the notion that mires can rapidly shift into bogs in response to allogenic factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An insight into the dynamics of Lake Nainital (Kumaun Himalaya,India) using stable isotope data / Un aperçu de la dynamique du Lac Nainital (Himalaya Kumaun,Inde) à partir de données isotopiques stables     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)

Abstract

Abstract The water balance of Lake Nainital in the Kumaun Himalaya, India was previously computed using water budgeting and other indirect methods. An important data set of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of water sources of the lake region was also presented and used to verify the annual estimates of subsurface flow/water balance. In the present study, the same data set has been used to investigate the dynamics of this lake in terms of the seasonal processes operative during the annual hydrological cycle: increased inflow during the monsoon, delayed groundwater inflow, and stratification and mixing of water. Based on the available data, a simple two-box model was used to constrain the values of exchange coefficients between the hypolimnion and epilimnion layers and to estimate evaporation and outflow components from the isotopic data.  相似文献   

Variations in paleoproductivity and the environmental implications over the past six decades in the Changjiang Estuary   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

JIN Haiyan  CHEN Jianfang  WENG Huanxin  LI Hongliang  ZHANG Weiyan  XU Jie  BAI Youcheng  WANG Kui 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(3):38-45

Total organic carbon and organic carbon stable isotope, biogenic silica, chlorin were measured from a high resolution sediment core to indicate the variation in paleoproductivity and the environmental implications over the past decades (1942 to 1997) in the Changjiang Estuary. Based on these biomarkers, the shift in the phytoplankton community structure in the past decades was discussed in response to the long-term variations in nutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios. The results showed that the δ 13 C values varied from –26.15‰ to –19.5‰, suggesting the combined organic carbon sources of riverine and marine organisms. Based on the biogenic proxies, paleoproductivity changes were categorized into three stages: low production before 1950; an increase in production with the dominance of diatoms during 1950 to 1980, consistent with increasing of nutrient concentrations; a decrease in production after 1980 when the diatom production decreased while the production of non-silicious phytoplankton increased due to high nutrient inputs, and high N/P and P/Si ratios in the Changjiang Estuary. The sedimentation records also indicated that the riverine organic carbon increased since 1980.  相似文献   

Microthermometric and O‐ and H‐isotope characteristics of the mineralizing fluid in the Akgüney copper–lead–zinc deposit,NE Turkey     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):375-387

We use updated rotations within the Pacific-Antarctica-Africa-North America plate circuit to calculate Pacific-North America plate reconstructions for times since chron 13 (33 Ma). The direction of motion of the Pacific plate relative to stable North America was fairly steady between chrons 13 and 4, and then changed and moved in a more northerly direction from chron 4 to the present (8 Ma to the present). No Pliocene changes in Pacific-North America plate motion are resolvable in these data, suggesting that Pliocene changes in deformation style along the boundary were not driven by changes in plate motion. However, the chron 4 change in Pacific-North America plate motion appears to correlate very closely to a change in direction of extension documented between the Sierra Nevada and the Colorado Plateau. Our best solution for the displacement with respect to stable North America of a point on the Pacific plate that is now near the Mendocino triple junction is that from 30 to 12 Ma the point was displaced along an azimuth of ～N60°W at rate of ～33 mm/yr; from 12 Ma to about 8 Ma the azimuth of displacement was about the same as previously, but the rate was faster (～52 mm/yr); and since 8 Ma the point was displaced along an azimuth of N37°W at a rate of ～52 mm/yr.

We compare plate-circuit reconstructions of the edge of the Pacific plate to continental deformation reconstructions of North American tectonic elements across the Basin and Range province and elsewhere in order to evaluate the relationship of this deformation to the plate motions. The oceanic displacements correspond remarkably well to the continental reconstructions where deformations of the latter have been quantified along a path across the Colorado Plateau and central California. They also supply strong constraints for the deformation budgets of regions to the north and south, in Cascadia and northern Mexico, respectively.

We examine slab-window formation and evolution in a detailed re-analysis of the spreading geometry of the post-Farallon microplates, from 28 to 19 Ma. Development of the slab window seems linked to early Miocene volcanism and deformation in the Mojave Desert, although detailed correlations await clarification of early Miocene reconstructions of the Tehachapi Mountains. We then trace the post-20 Ma motion of the Mendocino slab window edge beneath the Sierran-Great Valley block and find that it drifted steadily north, then stalled just north of Sutter Buttes at ～4 Ma.  相似文献   

Genesis of the Xuebaoding W–Sn–Be Crystal Deposits in Southwest China: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions,Stable Isotopes and Ore Elements     

Yan LIU  Jun DENG  Guanghai SHI  Xiang SUN  Liqiang YANG 《Resource Geology》2012,62(2):159-173

The Xuebaoding crystal deposit, located in northern Longmenshan, Sichuan Province, China, is well known for producing coarse‐grained crystals of scheelite, beryl, cassiterite, fluorite and other minerals. The orebody occurs between the Pankou and Pukouling granites, and a typical ore vein is divided into three parts: muscovite and beryl within granite (Part I); beryl, cassiterite and muscovite in the host transition from granite to marble (Part II); and the main mineralization part, an assemblage of beryl, cassiterite, scheelite, fluorite, apatite and needle‐like tourmaline within marble (Part III). No evidence of crosscutting or overlapping of these ore veins by others suggests that the orebody was formed by single fluid activity. The contents of Be, W, Sn, Li, Cs, Rb, B, and F in the Pankou and Pukouling granites are similar to those of the granites that host Nanling W–Sn deposits. The calculated isotopic compositions of beryl, scheelite and cassiterite (δD, ?69.3‰ to ?107.2‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O, 8.2‰ to 15.0‰) indicate that the ore‐forming fluids were mainly composed of magmatic water with minor meteoric water and CO₂ derived from decarbonation of marble. Primary fluid inclusions are CO₂? CH₄+ H₂O ± CO₂ (vapor), with or without clathrates and halites. We estimate the fluid trapping condition at T = 220 to 360°C and P > 0.9 kbar. Fluid inclusions are rich in H₂O, F^‐ and Cl^‐. Evidence for fluid‐phase immiscibility during mineralization includes variable L/V ratios in the inclusions and inclusions containing different phase proportions. Fluid immiscibility may have been induced by the pressure released by extension joints, thereby facilitating the mineralization found in Part III. Based on the geochemical data, geological occurrence, and fluid inclusion studies, we hypothesize that the coarse‐grained crystals were formed by: (i) the high content of ore elements and volatile elements such as F in ore‐forming fluids; (ii) occurrence of fluid immiscibility and Ca‐bearing minerals after wall rock transition from granite to marble making the ore elements deposit completely; (iii) pure host marble as host rock without impure elements such as Fe; and (iv) sufficient space in ore veins to allow growth.  相似文献   

磨刀门水道盐度混合层化机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

任杰  刘宏坤  贾良文  陈子燊 《水科学进展》2012,23(5):715-720

基于Simpson方法和磨刀门水道2009年枯季水文实测资料,选取上、下游两个站位的径流层化、潮汐混合、风致扰动3个影响河口水体分层的主要因素进行盐度混合的层化机制分析。研究表明:由于M1站位处上游,径流作用相对占优,分层不明显,只在涨潮急流时出现微弱的盐度分层;M2站则水体分层明显,小潮期间径流作用占主导,水体呈持续性分层,当由小潮转为中潮后,潮流作用增强,出现周期性分层现象,大潮以后,由于上游径流增加,潮流与径流作用相当,仍为周期性分层,但分层有所加强。层化的发育程度依赖径流致层化作用与潮汐、风致混合作用的博弈。  相似文献   

准噶尔北缘老山口铁铜金矿床成矿流体及成矿机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

吕书君  张志欣  杨富全  柴凤梅  张希兵  刘锋  姜丽萍  耿新霞 《矿床地质》2012,31(3):517-534

老山口铁铜金矿床位于准噶尔北缘,铁铜金矿化主要呈块状、团块状、脉状、角砾状、细脉浸染状产于闪长(玢)岩和玄武质火山岩的接触带中。矽卡岩阶段石榴子石以发育熔融包裹体和流体包裹体为特征,退化蚀变阶段绿帘石主要发育液相包裹体,石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段的方解石主要发育液相包裹体、含子矿物包裹体和含CO2三相包裹体。早期矽卡岩阶段流体包裹体均一温度变化于205~550℃及大于550℃,主要集中在220~470℃和大于550℃,盐度w(NaCleq)介于7.02%~17.96%,峰值为7.5%和16%,密度为0.60~1.00 g/cm3。退化蚀变阶段,均一温度变化于212~510℃,峰值为220℃,盐度w(NaCleq)介于6.16%~21.04%,密度为0.60~0.95 g/cm3。石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段,均一温度变化于150~380℃,在160℃和220℃出现峰值,盐度w(NaCleq)介于13.4%~18.47%,密度为0.75~1.10 g/cm3。石榴子石和方解石的δ18OSMOW值为5.2‰~17.8‰,δ18O水值为-2.4‰~3.5‰,δDSMOW值变化于-144.0‰~-84.0‰,表明成矿流体主要为混合的岩浆水和大气降水。方解石的δ13CPDB值变化于-6.8‰~-3.5‰,δ18OSMOW值为11.6‰~17.8‰,暗示成矿流体中碳主要来自闪长质岩浆,少量来自碳酸盐岩。黄铁矿δ34S值集中在0~3‰,结合稀土元素特征,表明硫主要来自于与矿体空间关系密切的闪长质岩浆。结合野外地质特征,认为铁矿成矿作用与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关。  相似文献   

元素分析仪-同位素比值质谱仪测定海洋沉积物有机碳稳定同位素方法初探   总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3  

张媛媛  贺行良  孙书文  朱志刚 《岩矿测试》2012,31(4):627-631

初步建立了利用元素分析仪-同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)联用技术测定海洋沉积物中有机碳稳定同位素的方法。标定了标准工作参考气CO2(δ13CvsPDB为-32.053‰);验证了仪器的稳定性,标准偏差为0.009‰;当离子流强度范围为0.4～8.7 V时,总体线性为0.0337‰/V,小于仪器线性指标0.06‰/V的要求;同时测定了国家标准物质GBW 04408、国际标准物质Urea和海洋沉积物样品M01的精密度和准确度,标准偏差在0.04‰～0.13‰范围内;并在三家实验室进行了测量比对实验,标准偏差小于0.20‰,满足地质样品再现性0.5‰的要求。所选样品区域δ13Corg范围为-25.29‰～-22.30‰,表明该海域总有机碳是陆源和海源两种来源的混合物。  相似文献   

新疆阿吾拉勒成矿带西段铜矿床碳、氧、硫、铅同位素研究——成矿物质来源及成矿环境探讨   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

赵军  张作衡  刘晓阳  刘敏  张贺  朱维娜 《矿床地质》2012,31(5):999-1013

新疆阿吾拉勒成矿带西段的众多铜矿床可分为2种类型,即中、南部的次火山岩型和北部的中-低温热液脉型。文章对从南到北的2种类型的5个铜矿床(穷布拉克、奴拉赛、群吉、群吉萨依、109)进行了系统的碳、氧、硫、铅同位素研究,探讨了成矿物质来源及成矿环境。测试结果表明:次火山岩型矿床内硫化物的δ34S值变化很小,南部和中部的矿床分别为3.4‰~4.4‰和-1.6‰~0.2‰,反映出其来源单一,以岩浆源或地幔源为主;中-低温热液脉型矿床内硫化物的δ34S值变化较大,为-18‰~8.9‰,具有多源性。次火山岩型矿床内方解石的δ13C值为-1.44‰~0.8‰,δ18O值为11.87‰~16.99‰,可能为深源流体与碳酸盐岩地层发生一定反应的结果;中-低温热液脉型矿床内方解石的δ13C值为-10.1‰~-3.2‰,δ18O值为9.63‰~16.27‰,整体以幔源为主。中-低温热液脉型铜矿床内矿石铅为正常铅,以地幔铅占主导地位;赋存于酸性次火山岩中的次火山岩型铜矿床的矿石铅为富含放射性成因铅的异常铅,来源于前寒武系基底岩石;赋存于基性次火山岩中的次火山岩型铜矿床的矿石铅为壳幔混合铅,受到了地壳物质的强烈混染。这2种类型铜矿床的成矿物质来源表现出从南到北的明显差异,这种差异与各矿床赋矿地层和岩性组合的不同有很好的对应关系,反映了铜矿带南北成矿环境的不同。由于该区与铜矿有关的陆相(次)火山岩为晚石炭世-二叠纪伊犁古裂谷演化的产物,这可能揭示了区域成矿与二叠纪的裂谷演化紧密相关。在裂谷演化的不同阶段,该铜矿带南部和北部的构造体系具有不同的开放程度,从而形成了不同的火山岩组合和沉积地层,即矿源层。矿源层的差异和火山活动的强弱决定了在裂谷带南北不同部位形成了不同类型特征的铜矿床。  相似文献   

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床夕卡岩矿物学及碳氧硫同位素特征     

赵海杰  谢桂青  魏克涛  柯于富 《地质论评》2012,58(2):379-395

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床是长江中下游西段鄂东南矿集区一个大型夕卡岩矿床。围岩为三叠系大理岩及白云质大理岩,决定了其发育丰富的钙镁质复合夕卡岩矿物组合,包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、金云母、绿泥石等。本文详细描述了夕卡岩不同阶段矿物的特征,并对矿物进行了电子探针分析(EPMA)及碳、氧、硫稳定同位素研究。结果表明石榴子石形成于三期,成分上属于钙铝—钙铁系列,且从早到晚具有从钙铝向钙铁榴石演化趋势,反映出成矿溶液由酸性向碱性演化。环带结构的石榴子石和绿帘石从核部到边部Fe含量增高,说明磁铁矿是在Fe浓度升高的碱性溶液中沉淀。辉石为透辉石。角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的钙质角闪石,包括透闪石,韭闪石和少量阳起石。矿物成分分析表明辉石和石榴子石的Mn/Fe值与矿化金属元素存在一定的联系。相对于钙质夕卡岩,镁质或含镁质夕卡岩是铜铁矿体交代的更有利岩石。矿床硫化物的δ34SV-CDT均为正值且变化范围较窄,介于0.6‰～3.8‰。成矿阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB变化于-2.9‰～6.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW变化于9.6‰～12.6‰,成矿后方解石的同位素值明显增大,δ13CV-PDB为-0.9‰～1.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW为15.2‰～17.3‰,趋向于围岩的同位素值。研究结果说明成矿阶段的硫和碳来自于深源或地幔,而成矿后期碳与地层发生明显的同位素交换反应。  相似文献